Afghanistan Part 3: How the War on Terror Led to the Taliban’s Comeback in 2021

After the 9/11 attacks, Afghanistan became the frontline of America’s “War on Terror.” The U.S. invasion in 2001 aimed to dismantle al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban, but the mission quickly expanded into a far more ambitious nation-building project. Over two decades, billions were spent and new institutions were created. Yet corruption, weak governance, and a resilient Taliban insurgency steadily undermined those goals. The Bonn Agreement sought to rebuild Afghanistan’s political system, but excluded key Afghan factions and helped entrench patronage networks. As international troops battled the Taliban across the countryside, the Afghan state struggled to gain public trust, even as elections and aid programs signaled progress on paper. By 2020, the Doha Agreement shifted the war’s trajectory again, setting the stage for a U.S. withdrawal without securing a sustainable peace. In August 2021, the Afghan government collapsed with unprecedented speed, leading to the Taliban’s return and raising urgent questions about the cost and outcome of America’s longest war. In this final part of the Afghanistan series at Global Faultlines, we trace the path from 9/11 to the fall of Kabul, examine why the U.S. mission failed, and explore what the Taliban’s comeback means for Afghanistan’s future. Expert: Stanly Johny, International Affairs Editor, The Hindu Research: Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Camera: Johan Sathyadas J Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices