For years, working on AI safety usually meant theorising about the ‘alignment problem’ or trying to convince other people to give a damn. If you could find any way to help, the work was frustrating and low feedback.
According to Holden Karnofsky — currently at Anthropic, previously cofounder and CEO of Open Philanthropy (now Coefficient Giving) — this situation has now reversed completely.
There are now large amounts of useful, concrete, shovel-ready projects with clear goals and deliverables. Holden thinks people haven’t appreciated the scale of the shift, and wants everyone to see the large range of “well-scoped object-level work” they could personally help with, in both technical and non-technical areas.
In fact, in this episode alone, Holden lists 39 projects he’s excited to see happening, including:
- Training deceptive AI models to study deception and how to detect it
- Developing classifiers to block jailbreaking
- Implementing security measures to stop ‘backdoors’ or ‘secret loyalties’ from being added to models during training
- Developing policies on model welfare, AI-human relationships, and what instructions to give models
- Training AIs to work as alignment researchers
And that’s all just stuff he’s happened to observe directly, which is probably only a small fraction of the options available.
All this low-hanging fruit is one factor behind his decision to join Anthropic this year. That said, his wife is also a cofounder and president of the company, giving him a big financial stake in its success — and making it impossible for him to be seen as independent no matter where he worked.
Holden makes a case that, for many people, working at an AI company like Anthropic will be the best way to steer AGI in a positive direction. He notes there are “ways that you can reduce AI risk that you can only do if you’re a competitive frontier AI company.” At the same time, he believes external groups have their own advantages and can be equally impactful.
Critics worry that Anthropic’s efforts to stay at that frontier encourage competitive racing towards AGI — significantly or entirely offsetting any useful research they do. Holden thinks this seriously misunderstands the strategic situation we’re in: “I work at an AI company, and a lot of people think that’s just inherently unethical. They’re imagining that everyone wishes they could go slowly, but they’re going fast so they can beat everyone else. […] But I emphatically think this is not what’s going on in AI.”
The reality, in Holden’s view:
“I think there’s too many players in AI who […] don’t want to slow down. They don’t believe in the risks. Maybe they don’t even care about the risks. […] If Anthropic were to say, ‘We’re out, we’re going to slow down,’ they would say, ‘This is awesome! Now we have a better chance of winning, and this is even good for our recruiting’ — because they have a better chance of getting people who want to be on the frontier and want to win.”
Holden believes a frontier AI company can reduce risk by:
- Developing cheap, practical safety measures other companies might adopt
- Prototyping policies regulators could mandate
- Gathering crucial data about what advanced AI can actually do
Host Rob Wiblin and Holden discuss the case for and against those strategies, and much more.
Learn more and read the full transcript on the 80,000 Hours website.
This episode was originally released in October 2025.
Chapters:
- Cold open (00:00:00)
- Holden is back! (00:02:26)
- An AI Chernobyl we never notice (00:02:56)
- Is rogue AI takeover easy or hard? (00:07:32)
- The AGI race isn't a coordination failure (00:17:48)
- What Holden now does at Anthropic (00:28:04)
- The case for working at Anthropic (00:30:08)
- Is Anthropic doing enough? (00:40:45)
- Can we trust Anthropic, or any AI company? (00:43:40)
- How can Anthropic compete while paying the “safety tax”? (00:49:14)
- What, if anything, could prompt Anthropic to halt development of AGI? (00:56:11)
- Holden's retrospective on responsible scaling policies (00:59:01)
- Overrated work (01:14:27)
- Concrete shovel-ready projects Holden is excited about (01:16:37)
- Great things to do in technical AI safety (01:20:48)
- Great things to do on AI welfare and AI relationships (01:28:18)
- Great things to do in biosecurity and pandemic preparedness (01:35:11)
- How to choose where to work (01:35:57)
- Overrated AI risk: Cyberattacks (01:41:56)
- Overrated AI risk: Persuasion (01:51:37)
- Why AI R&D is the main thing to worry about (01:55:36)
- The case that AI-enabled R&D wouldn't speed things up much (02:07:15)
- AI-enabled human power grabs (02:11:10)
- Main benefits of getting AGI right (02:23:07)
- The world is handling AGI about as badly as possible (02:29:07)
- Learning from targeting companies for public criticism in farm animal welfare (02:31:39)
- Will Anthropic actually make any difference? (02:40:51)
- “Misaligned” vs “misaligned and power-seeking” (02:55:12)
- Success without dignity: how we could win despite being stupid (03:00:58)
- Holden sees less dignity but has more hope (03:08:30)
- Should we expect misaligned power-seeking by default? (03:15:58)
- Will reinforcement learning make everything worse? (03:23:45)
- Should we push for marginal improvements or big paradigm shifts? (03:28:58)
- Should safety-focused people cluster or spread out? (03:31:35)
- Is Anthropic vocal enough about strong regulation? (03:35:56)
- Is Holden biased because of his financial stake in Anthropic? (03:39:26)
- Have we learned clever governance structures don't work? (03:43:51)
- Is Holden scared of AI bioweapons? (03:46:12)
- Holden thinks AI companions are bad news (03:49:47)
- Are AI companies too hawkish on China? (03:56:39)
- The frontier of infosec: confidentiality vs integrity (04:00:51)
- How often does AI work backfire? (04:03:38)
- Is AI clearly more impactful to work in? (04:18:26)
- What's the role of earning to give? (04:24:54)
Video editing: Simon Monsour, Luke Monsour, Dominic Armstrong, and Milo McGuire
Audio engineering: Milo McGuire, Simon Monsour, and Dominic Armstrong
Music: CORBIT
Coordination, transcriptions, and web: Katy Moore
